Bishop MuseumExplore

Journeys

The expeditions, reassembled

Every dated label is a diary entry. Read a collector’s labels in order and the voyage comes back: the islands in sequence, the days at each, the specimens from every stop. 48 journeys so far, 1922 to 1982, 8,250 specimens between them.

2 collectors and expeditions1,443 days in the field294,906 km between stops7,189 photographed specimens

Otto Degener

5 islands of the United States · Jan – Aug 1928

Otto Degener across 5 islands of the United States, January – August 1928

748 specimens · 74 stops · 209 days · 1,716 km

Otto Degener

5 islands of the United States · Mar – Aug 1926

Otto Degener across 5 islands of the United States, March – August 1926

607 specimens · 71 stops · 177 days · 3,068 km

Otto Degener

5 islands of the United States · Jun – Oct 1927

Otto Degener across 5 islands of the United States, June – October 1927

581 specimens · 60 stops · 136 days · 1,266 km

Otto Degener

5 islands of the United States · Dec 1951 – Apr 1952

Otto Degener across 5 islands of the United States, December 1951 – April 1952

648 specimens · 45 stops · 108 days · 1,141 km

Otto Degener

6 islands of the United States · Apr – Sep 1949

Otto Degener across 6 islands of the United States, April – September 1949

517 specimens · 50 stops · 133 days · 1,742 km

Otto Degener

5 islands of the United States · Jun – Sep 1963

Otto Degener across 5 islands of the United States, June – September 1963

301 specimens · 31 stops · 92 days · 1,016 km

Otto Degener

Oʻahu · Oct 1935 – May 1936

Otto Degener in Oʻahu, October 1935 – May 1936

271 specimens · 32 stops · 220 days · 1,020 km

Otto Degener

6 islands · Jun 1950 – Jan 1951

Otto Degener across 6 islands, June 1950 – January 1951

256 specimens · 41 stops · 236 days · 2,367 km

Isa Degener

5 islands of the United States · Jun – Sep 1963

Isa Degener across 5 islands of the United States, June – September 1963

281 specimens · 31 stops · 92 days · 1,019 km

Otto Degener

3 islands · Feb – Sep 1959

Otto Degener in Maui, Oʻahu and Molokaʻi, February – September 1959

214 specimens · 48 stops · 242 days · 2,169 km

Otto Degener

6 islands · Dec 1968 – Feb 1969

Otto Degener across 6 islands, December 1968 – February 1969

258 specimens · 29 stops · 52 days · 41,268 km

Isa Degener

6 islands · Dec 1968 – Feb 1969

Isa Degener across 6 islands, December 1968 – February 1969

230 specimens · 30 stops · 52 days · 41,268 km

Otto Degener

6 islands · Apr – Sep 1964

Otto Degener across 6 islands, April – September 1964

168 specimens · 57 stops · 146 days · 10,662 km

Isa Degener

6 islands · Apr – Sep 1964

Isa Degener across 6 islands, April – September 1964

153 specimens · 55 stops · 146 days · 10,662 km

Otto Degener

4 islands · Dec 1949 – May 1950

Otto Degener across 4 islands, December 1949 – May 1950

142 specimens · 27 stops · 159 days · 1,031 km

Otto Degener

Oʻahu and Maui · May – Sep 1935

Otto Degener in Oʻahu and Maui, May – September 1935

146 specimens · 27 stops · 112 days · 990 km

Otto Degener

4 islands · Jun – Dec 1922

Otto Degener across 4 islands, June – December 1922

113 specimens · 48 stops · 194 days · 3,540 km

Otto Degener

4 islands of the United States · Jun – Jul 1961

Otto Degener across 4 islands of the United States, June – July 1961

153 specimens · 22 stops · 54 days · 560 km

Otto Degener

4 islands · Nov – Dec 1960

Otto Degener across 4 islands, November – December 1960

150 specimens · 23 stops · 43 days · 12,274 km

Isa Degener

4 islands of the United States · Jun – Jul 1961

Isa Degener across 4 islands of the United States, June – July 1961

147 specimens · 22 stops · 54 days · 560 km

Otto Degener

3 islands of the United States · Oct 1948 – Apr 1949

Otto Degener in Maui, Oʻahu and Hawaiʻi Island, October 1948 – April 1949

115 specimens · 24 stops · 160 days · 1,125 km

Otto Degener

5 islands · Aug – Oct 1981

Otto Degener across 5 islands, August – October 1981

122 specimens · 26 stops · 41 days · 26,632 km

Isa Degener

5 islands · Aug – Oct 1981

Isa Degener across 5 islands, August – October 1981

115 specimens · 26 stops · 41 days · 26,632 km

Otto Degener

Oʻahu and Maui · Jan – Jun 1937

Otto Degener in Oʻahu and Maui, January – June 1937

92 specimens · 21 stops · 132 days · 335 km

How a journey is found

Every specimen with a full date (year, month and day; a bare “1 January” is treated as a missing day) and a named collector is a diary entry. For each collector the days are read in order, each day given the place most of its labels name. The place where a collector spent more than forty percent of their days, and at least sixty of them, is home: days there are left out.

A gap of more than 21 days between collecting days ends one journey and begins the next. A journey must run five to four hundred days, hold at least forty specimens and touch at least two places. Within it, consecutive days inside the same or a neighbouring tenth-of-a-degree cell (about eleven kilometres) are one stop; the stop’s point is the mean of its labels’ coordinates, or the island’s centre when none carry any.

Companions are collectors whose own labels put them in the same cell on the same days. Staff can name a journey, write about it, feature it or hide it; those words survive every rebuild. Everything else is read off the specimens and rebuilt by harvest.mjs expeditions as the records improve.