Bishop MuseumExplore

Journeys

The expeditions, reassembled

Every dated label is a diary entry. Read a collector’s labels in order and the voyage comes back: the islands in sequence, the days at each, the specimens from every stop. 1,954 journeys so far, 1874 to 2026, 349,432 specimens between them.

830 collectors and expeditions34,320 days in the field7,297,183 km between stops244,553 photographed specimens

G.A. Santos

8 islands of the Philippines · Jul – Sep 1971

G.A. Santos across 8 islands of the Philippines, July – September 1971

59 specimens · 14 stops · 71 days · 2,580 km

Harold St.John

Oʻahu · Mar – Jun 1941

Harold St.John in Oʻahu, March – June 1941

63 specimens · 11 stops · 71 days

Y. Lelean

Lavongai and New Ireland · Sep – Oct 1974

Y. Lelean in Lavongai and New Ireland, September – October 1974

104 specimens · 4 stops · 46 days · 315 km

Edward Leonard Caum

7 islands · 1–28 Apr 1923

Edward Leonard Caum across 7 islands, 1–28 April 1923

78 specimens · 10 stops · 28 days · 2,863 km

Nengah Wirawan

Oʻahu · 12–23 Aug 1972

Nengah Wirawan in Oʻahu, 12–23 August 1972

83 specimens · 9 stops · 12 days

G.W. Gillett

the United States · Jul – Aug 1957

G.W. Gillett in the United States, July – August 1957

88 specimens · 5 stops · 51 days

van Balgooy

Oʻahu and Kauaʻi · May – Jun 1982

van Balgooy in Oʻahu and Kauaʻi, May – June 1982

91 specimens · 7 stops · 13 days · 509 km

Y. Iwasaki

Hawaiʻi Island · Jan – Apr 1930

Y. Iwasaki in Hawaiʻi Island, January – April 1930

53 specimens · 16 stops · 103 days · 99 km

W.A. Niering

5 islands of Micronesia · Jun – Sep 1954

W.A. Niering across 5 islands of Micronesia, June – September 1954

54 specimens · 21 stops · 75 days · 3,095 km

T. Watanabe

6 islands of the Solomon Islands · Jul – Sep 2008

T. Watanabe across 6 islands of the Solomon Islands, July – September 2008

128 specimens · 9 stops · 41 days · 638 km

S. Balasubramaniam

Sri Lanka · 11–29 Aug 1984

S. Balasubramaniam in Sri Lanka, 11–29 August 1984

92 specimens · 6 stops · 19 days

F. Raymond Fosberg

3 islands · Jan – Feb 1983

F. Raymond Fosberg in North Island, South Island and Hawaiʻi Island, January – February 1983

60 specimens · 15 stops · 36 days · 19,213 km

Van-Ray Tadao

Palau and Palao · 4–21 Nov 2013

Van-Ray Tadao in Palau and Palao, 4–21 November 2013

100 specimens · 5 stops · 18 days

Isa Degener

Lānaʻi and Hawaiʻi Island · Jan – Feb 1964

Isa Degener in Lānaʻi and Hawaiʻi Island, January – February 1964

77 specimens · 8 stops · 27 days · 247 km

Otto Degener

Oʻahu · Jan – May 1938

Otto Degener in Oʻahu, January – May 1938

55 specimens · 14 stops · 109 days

Kenneth R. Wood

4 islands of French Polynesia · Jun – Jul 2004

Kenneth R. Wood across 4 islands of French Polynesia, June – July 2004

94 specimens · 13 stops · 41 days · 1,519 km

H.L. Lyon

Hawaiʻi Island · Jan – Mar 1908

H.L. Lyon in Hawaiʻi Island, January – March 1908

63 specimens · 11 stops · 71 days · 222 km

Fred W. Ball

11 islands of the United States · 5–25 Jul 1977

Fred W. Ball across 11 islands of the United States, 5–25 July 1977

73 specimens · 10 stops · 21 days · 1,615 km

Jan-Peter Frahm

3 islands of Brazil · Jul – Sep 1977

Jan-Peter Frahm in Rio De Janeiro, Cardoso Island and Oʻahu, July – September 1977

47 specimens · 26 stops · 61 days · 12,609 km

Maxwell S. Doty

6 islands · Nov 1975 – Mar 1976

Maxwell S. Doty across 6 islands, November 1975 – March 1976

61 specimens · 13 stops · 131 days · 16,972 km

K.L. Marr

3 islands of the United States · Apr – Aug 1988

K.L. Marr in Oʻahu, Kauaʻi and Hawaiʻi Island, April – August 1988

50 specimens · 16 stops · 107 days · 1,706 km

W.R. Sykes

3 islands of the Cook Islands · Aug – Sep 1982

W.R. Sykes in Rarotonga, Mitiaro and Mauke, August – September 1982

87 specimens · 24 stops · 25 days

Y. Nitta

Oʻahu · May – Jul 1932

Y. Nitta in Oʻahu, May – July 1932

72 specimens · 8 stops · 52 days

F. Raymond Fosberg

9 islands of the Marshall Islands · 4–15 Feb 1956

F. Raymond Fosberg across 9 islands of the Marshall Islands, 4–15 February 1956

102 specimens · 11 stops · 12 days · 1,332 km

How a journey is found

Every specimen with a full date (year, month and day; a bare “1 January” is treated as a missing day) and a named collector is a diary entry. For each collector the days are read in order, each day given the place most of its labels name. The place where a collector spent more than forty percent of their days, and at least sixty of them, is home: days there are left out.

A gap of more than 21 days between collecting days ends one journey and begins the next. A journey must run five to four hundred days, hold at least forty specimens and touch at least two places. Within it, consecutive days inside the same or a neighbouring tenth-of-a-degree cell (about eleven kilometres) are one stop; the stop’s point is the mean of its labels’ coordinates, or the island’s centre when none carry any.

Companions are collectors whose own labels put them in the same cell on the same days. Staff can name a journey, write about it, feature it or hide it; those words survive every rebuild. Everything else is read off the specimens and rebuilt by harvest.mjs expeditions as the records improve.