Bishop MuseumExplore

Journeys

The expeditions, reassembled

Every dated label is a diary entry. Read a collector’s labels in order and the voyage comes back: the islands in sequence, the days at each, the specimens from every stop. 706 journeys so far, 1879 to 2024, 154,760 specimens between them.

304 collectors and expeditions13,208 days in the field3,394,751 km between stops109,031 photographed specimens

Nengah Wirawan

Oʻahu · 12–23 Aug 1972

Nengah Wirawan in Oʻahu, 12–23 August 1972

83 specimens · 9 stops · 12 days

van Balgooy

Oʻahu and Kauaʻi · May – Jun 1982

van Balgooy in Oʻahu and Kauaʻi, May – June 1982

91 specimens · 7 stops · 13 days · 509 km

Alvin Seale

4 islands · Jan – Feb 1902

Alvin Seale across 4 islands, January – February 1902

320 specimens · 2 stops · 20 days

Otto Degener

Oʻahu · Jan – May 1938

Otto Degener in Oʻahu, January – May 1938

55 specimens · 14 stops · 109 days

Fred W. Ball

11 islands of the United States · 5–25 Jul 1977

Fred W. Ball across 11 islands of the United States, 5–25 July 1977

73 specimens · 10 stops · 21 days · 1,615 km

Jan-Peter Frahm

3 islands of Brazil · Jul – Sep 1977

Jan-Peter Frahm in Rio De Janeiro, Cardoso Island and Oʻahu, July – September 1977

47 specimens · 26 stops · 61 days · 12,609 km

Maxwell S. Doty

6 islands · Nov 1975 – Mar 1976

Maxwell S. Doty across 6 islands, November 1975 – March 1976

61 specimens · 13 stops · 131 days · 16,972 km

K.L. Marr

3 islands of the United States · Apr – Aug 1988

K.L. Marr in Oʻahu, Kauaʻi and Hawaiʻi Island, April – August 1988

50 specimens · 16 stops · 107 days · 1,706 km

station

3 islands of the United States · Jun – Sep 1967

station, June – September 1967

116 specimens · 11 stops · 90 days · 907 km

Gerald R. Allen

Enewetak Atoll and Oʻahu · Mar – Apr 1968

Gerald R. Allen in Enewetak Atoll and Oʻahu, March – April 1968

123 specimens · 11 stops · 55 days · 14,231 km

Y. Nitta

Oʻahu · May – Jul 1932

Y. Nitta in Oʻahu, May – July 1932

72 specimens · 8 stops · 52 days

Maxwell S. Doty

4 islands of the United States · Oct – Dec 1955

Maxwell S. Doty across 4 islands of the United States, October – December 1955

78 specimens · 10 stops · 80 days · 1,239 km

Rokuro Yamaguchi

Oʻahu · Oct – Nov 1935

Rokuro Yamaguchi in Oʻahu, October – November 1935

151 specimens · 2 stops · 27 days · 16 km

Takamoto

Oʻahu · Feb – May 1936

Takamoto in Oʻahu, February – May 1936

53 specimens · 14 stops · 101 days

R.K. von Holt

Oʻahu · Sep – Oct 1912

R.K. von Holt in Oʻahu, September – October 1912

106 specimens · 4 stops · 21 days · 289 km

Otto Herman Swezey

3 islands of the United States · May – Jul 1932

Otto Herman Swezey in Kauaʻi, Oʻahu and Molokaʻi, May – July 1932

69 specimens · 23 stops · 54 days · 540 km

Otto Degener

15 islands · May – Aug 1982

Otto Degener across 15 islands, May – August 1982

71 specimens · 26 stops · 89 days · 26,628 km

C.F. Mant

Oʻahu · Nov 1918 – Jan 1919

C.F. Mant in Oʻahu, November 1918 – January 1919

92 specimens · 4 stops · 59 days · 255 km

station

17 islands · Aug – Dec 1956

station, August – December 1956

76 specimens · 33 stops · 130 days · 25,742 km

Paul K. Higashino

4 islands of the United States · Feb – Mar 1975

Paul K. Higashino across 4 islands of the United States, February – March 1975

86 specimens · 11 stops · 51 days · 498 km

Philip Weber

Oʻahu · Oct 1947 – Jan 1948

Philip Weber in Oʻahu, October 1947 – January 1948

90 specimens · 14 stops · 96 days

John L. Earle

18 islands of Indonesia · Oct – Nov 1990

John L. Earle across 18 islands of Indonesia, October – November 1990

122 specimens · 13 stops · 26 days · 10,403 km

Erling Christophersen

Oʻahu · Apr – May 1932

Erling Christophersen in Oʻahu, April – May 1932

111 specimens · 4 stops · 12 days · 308 km

Maxwell S. Doty

5 islands · Jan – May 1959

Maxwell S. Doty across 5 islands, January – May 1959

70 specimens · 17 stops · 110 days · 10,865 km

How a journey is found

Every specimen with a full date (year, month and day; a bare “1 January” is treated as a missing day) and a named collector is a diary entry. For each collector the days are read in order, each day given the place most of its labels name. The place where a collector spent more than forty percent of their days, and at least sixty of them, is home: days there are left out.

A gap of more than 21 days between collecting days ends one journey and begins the next. A journey must run five to four hundred days, hold at least forty specimens and touch at least two places. Within it, consecutive days inside the same or a neighbouring tenth-of-a-degree cell (about eleven kilometres) are one stop; the stop’s point is the mean of its labels’ coordinates, or the island’s centre when none carry any.

Companions are collectors whose own labels put them in the same cell on the same days. Staff can name a journey, write about it, feature it or hide it; those words survive every rebuild. Everything else is read off the specimens and rebuilt by harvest.mjs expeditions as the records improve.